CustodyStress
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Part of the CustodyStress archive of observed Bitcoin custody incidents
CS-01403

Documentation absent — hardware wallet 2025

Indeterminate
Case description
A 2025 estate case involved a deceased holder who had created a multi-location backup strategy for their seed phrase, storing individual groups of words at different physical locations. The holder had documented the backup strategy in a password-protected document. The password for that document was unknown to the family. The family knew the strategy existed—the holder had referenced it verbally—but could not access the master document describing which words were stored where. The physical locations were known; the problem was that without the master document's mapping, the family could not assemble the 24 words in the correct order even after retrieving all the individual groups.
Custody context
Stress conditionDocumentation absent
Custody systemHardware wallet (single key)
OutcomeIndeterminate
DocumentationUnknown
Year observed2025
CountryInternational
Structural dependencies observed
Single point of failure
What this illustrates
There was only one way in. When that path was gone, so was access. It's not clear whether anyone ever regained access.
Outcome interpretation
Not enough information is available to determine the outcome.
Source
Privately Reported
Evidence type
News article
Related cases involving documentation absent
193 cases involve documentation absent 274 cases involve hardware wallet (single key) View archive statistics →
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Framework references
Terms guide
Survives
Access remained possible under the reported conditions.
Constrained
Access remained possible, but only with delay, dependence, or significant difficulty.
Blocked
Access was not possible under the reported conditions.
Indeterminate
There was not enough information to determine the outcome.
Single-person knowledge
Recovery depended on information or capability held by one individual who was unavailable.
Institutional dependence
Recovery depended on a third-party institution or service that was inaccessible or uncooperative.
Documentation gap
Recovery depended on instructions that were missing, incomplete, or unclear.
Authority mismatch
The person with legal authority to act did not have operational access, or vice versa.
Original text
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