Part of the CustodyStress archive of observed Bitcoin custody incidents
CS-01403
Documentation absent — hardware wallet 2025
IndeterminateCase description
A 2025 estate case involved a deceased holder who had created a multi-location backup strategy for their seed phrase, storing individual groups of words at different physical locations. The holder had documented the backup strategy in a password-protected document. The password for that document was unknown to the family. The family knew the strategy existed—the holder had referenced it verbally—but could not access the master document describing which words were stored where. The physical locations were known; the problem was that without the master document's mapping, the family could not assemble the 24 words in the correct order even after retrieving all the individual groups.
Custody context
| Stress condition | Documentation absent |
| Custody system | Hardware wallet (single key) |
| Outcome | Indeterminate |
| Documentation | Unknown |
| Year observed | 2025 |
| Country | International |
Structural dependencies observed
What this illustrates
There was only one way in. When that path was gone, so was access. It's not clear whether anyone ever regained access.
Outcome interpretation
Not enough information is available to determine the outcome.
Source
Privately Reported
Evidence type
News article
Related cases involving documentation absent
193 cases involve documentation absent
274 cases involve hardware wallet (single key)
View archive statistics →
This archive documents observed custody survivability failures. It does not attempt to document all Bitcoin losses or security incidents.
Submit a case
← All cases
Framework references
Where Bitcoin Custody Intersects Legal and Fiduciary Authority
Where custody creates gaps in estate planning, fiduciary duty, and professional responsibility.
Professional Scope Boundary Matrix
What each professional or product covers, what they do not, and where gaps form between them.
The Independent Assessment Layer in Bitcoin Custody
How independent diagnostic layers emerge when multiple parties depend on shared infrastructure.
Translate